![]() The purpose of your abstract is to provide a brief yet thorough overview of your paper. Think of an abstract as a condensed summary of your entire paper. The abstract is the second page of a lab report or APA-format paper and should immediately follow the title page. Sometimes having someone look at your abstract with fresh eyes can provide perspective and help you spot possible typos and other errors. Once you have a rough draft, you can edit for length and clarity. Try to write one to two sentences summarizing each section of your paper. While you should aim for brevity, be careful not to make your summary too short. Use these examples as a guide when choosing the main ideas in your own paper. Notice the main points that the authors chose to mention in the abstract. Look at other abstracts in professional journals for examples of how to summarize your paper. Structure the abstract in the same order as your paper.īegin with a brief summary of the Introduction, and then continue on with a summary of the Method, Results and Discussion sections of your paper. In order to succinctly describe your entire paper, you will need to determine which elements are the most important. The abstract should be written as only one paragraph with no indentation. You should also center the word Abstract at the top of the page.Īccording to the APA style manual, an abstract should be between 150 to 250 words. Place your running head and the page number two in the top right-hand corner. Once you have completed the final draft of your paper, use it as a guide for writing your abstract. While the abstract will be at the beginning of your paper, it should be the last section that you write. Begin the text of the appendix flush left, followed by indented paragraphs.Center the title of the appendix, and use upper and lower case letters.Center the word Appendix and the identifying capital letter (A, B, etc.) at the top of the page.Alternatively, footnotes can be placed on a separate page after the references.Place the footnote at the bottom of the page on which it is discussed.Number all footnotes consecutively in the order in which they appear in the manuscript with superscript numerals.Each manuscript page should carry the running head and a page number.The remaining sections of the manuscript follow each other without a page break do not start a new page with a new heading. ![]() Type the title of the manuscript in upper and lower case letters, centered, at the top of the page.Identify it with the running head or abbreviated title and the page number 3.The summary itself should be single spaced without indentation.Label the page "Abstract" in upper and lower case letters, centered, at the top of the page.Identify it with the running head or abbreviated title and the page number 2.Author's notes are not required for dissertations and theses.Center the insitutional affliliation directly under the author's name.Format the name omitting titles (dr, prof, etc.) and degrees: First name, middle initial, last name.Center the author's name directly under the title.Center the title and position in the upper half of the page.Title should be typed using upper and lower case letters.Title should not include abbreviations or exceed more than 12 words.It cannot exceed more than 50 characters. Type the entire title in capital letters.Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks.Double-space the text, title, headings, footnotes, quotations, references and captions.Do not justify the text or use hyphenation. ![]()
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